For the purposes of the TOGAF standard, the following terms and definitions apply. A. Glossary of Supplementary Definitions should be referenced for supplementary definitions not defined in this chapter. The Merriam-Webster® Collegiate Dictionary should be referenced for terms not defined in this section or A. Glossary of Supplementary Definitions .

3.1 Abstraction

The technique of providing summarized or generalized descriptions of detailed and complex content.

Note:

Abstraction, as in "level of abstraction", can also mean providing a focus for analysis that is concerned with a consistent and common level of detail or abstraction. Abstraction in this sense is typically used in architecture to allow a consistent level of definition and understanding to be achieved in each area of the architecture in order to support effective communication and decision-making. It is especially useful when dealing with large and complex architectures as it allows relevant issues to be identified before further detail is attempted.

3.2 Actor

A person, organization, or system that has one or more roles that initiates or interacts with activities; for example, a sales representative who travels to visit customers. Actors may be internal or external to an organization.

Note:

In the automotive industry, an original equipment manufacturer would be considered an actor by an automotive dealership that interacts with its supply chain activities.

3.3 Application Architecture

A description of the structure and interaction of the applications as groups of capabilities that provide key business functions and manage the data assets.

Note:

Application Architecture is described in Part II, 10. Phase C: Information Systems Architectures - Application Architecture .

3.4 Application Component

An encapsulation of application functionality aligned to implementation structure, which is modular and replaceable. It encapsulates its behavior and data, provides services, and makes them available through interfaces.

Note:

For example, a business application such as an accounting, payroll, or CRM system.

An application component usually maintains a data component. It is enabled by technology services provided by technology components.

3.5 Application Platform

The collection of technology components of hardware and software that provide the services used to support applications.

3.6 Architectural Style

The combination of distinctive features related to the specific context within which architecture is performed or expressed; a collection of principles and characteristics that steer or constrain how an architecture is formed.

3.7 Architecture

1. The fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its environment embodied in its elements, relationships, and in the principles of its design and evolution. (Source: ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011)
2. The structure of components, their inter-relationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time.

3.8 Architecture Building Block (ABB)

A constituent of the architecture model that describes a single aspect of the overall model.

See also 3.23 Building Block .

3.9 Architecture Continuum

A part of the Enterprise Continuum. A repository of architectural elements with increasing detail and specialization.

Note:

This Continuum begins with foundational definitions like reference models, core strategies, and basic building blocks. From there it spans to Industry Architectures and all the way to an Organization-Specific Architecture.

See also 3.39 Enterprise Continuum .

3.10 Architecture Development Method (ADM)

The core of the TOGAF framework. A multi-phase, iterative approach to develop and use an Enterprise Architecture to shape and govern business transformation and implementation projects.

Note:

The ADM is described in Part II: Architecture Development Method (ADM).

3.11 Architecture Domain

The architectural area being considered. The TOGAF framework has four primary architecture domains: business, data, application, and technology. Other domains may also be considered (e.g., security).

3.12 Architecture Framework

A conceptual structure used to plan, develop, implement, govern, and sustain an architecture.

3.13 Architecture Governance

The practice of monitoring and directing architecture-related work. The goal is to deliver desired outcomes and adhere to relevant principles, standards, and roadmaps.

See also 3.43 Governance .

3.14 Architecture Landscape

The architectural representation of assets in use, or planned, by the enterprise at particular points in time.

3.15 Architecture Model

A representation of a subject of interest.

Note:

An architecture model provides a smaller scale, simplified, and/or abstract representation of the subject matter.

See also 3.72 Stakeholder , 3.17 Architecture View , and 3.18 Architecture Viewpoint .

3.16 Architecture Principle

A qualitative statement of intent that should be met by the architecture.

Note:

A sample set of Architecture Principles is defined in Part III, 20. Architecture Principles .

3.17 Architecture View

A representation of a system from the perspective of a related set of concerns.

Note:

In some sections of this standard, the term "view" is used as a synonym for "architecture view".

See also 3.72 Stakeholder and 3.18 Architecture Viewpoint .

3.18 Architecture Viewpoint

A specification of the conventions for a particular kind of architecture view.

Note:

An architecture viewpoint can also be seen as the definition or schema for that kind of architecture view. It establishes the conventions for constructing, interpreting, and using an architecture view to address a specific concern (or set of concerns) about a system-of-interest.

In some sections of this standard, the term "viewpoint" is used as a synonym for "architecture viewpoint".

See also A.38 Metaview .

3.19 Architecture Vision

Note:

Phase A (Architecture Vision) is described in Part II, 6. Phase A: Architecture Vision .

3.20 Artifact

An architectural work product that describes an aspect of the architecture.

See also 3.23 Building Block .

3.21 Baseline

A specification that has been formally reviewed and agreed upon, that thereafter serves as the basis for further development or change and that can be changed only through formal change control procedures or a type of procedure such as configuration management.

3.22 Boundaryless Information Flow^™

A shorthand representation of "access to integrated information to support business process improvements" representing a desired state of an enterprise's infrastructure specific to the business needs of the organization.

Note:

The need for Boundaryless Information Flow - a trademark of The Open Group - is described in the TOGAF® Series Guide: The TOGAF Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model (III-RM).

3.23 Building Block

A (potentially re-usable) component of enterprise capability that can be combined with other building blocks to deliver architectures and solutions.

Note:

Building blocks can be defined at various levels of detail, depending on what stage of architecture development has been reached. For instance, at an early stage, a building block can simply consist of a name or an outline description. Later on, a building block may be decomposed into multiple supporting building blocks and may be accompanied by a full specification. Building blocks can relate to "architectures" or "solutions".

Building blocks are described in Part IV, 33. Building Blocks .

See also 3.20 Artifact .

3.24 Business Architecture

A representation of holistic, multi-dimensional business views of: capabilities, end-to-end value delivery, information, and organizational structure; and the relationships among these business views and strategies, products, policies, initiatives, and stakeholders.

Note:

Business Architecture relates business elements to business goals and elements of other domains.

Business Architecture is described in Part II, 7. Phase B: Business Architecture .

3.25 Business Capability

A particular ability that a business may possess or exchange to achieve a specific purpose.

3.26 Business Function

Delivers business capabilities closely aligned to an organization, but not necessarily explicitly governed by the organization.

3.27 Business Governance

Concerned with ensuring that the business processes and policies (and their operation) deliver the business outcomes and adhere to relevant business regulation.

3.28 Business Model

A model describing the rationale for how an enterprise creates, delivers, and captures value.

3.29 Business Service

Supports business capabilities through an explicitly defined interface and is explicitly governed by an organization.

3.30 Capability

An ability that an organization, person, or system possesses.

Note:

For example, Enterprise Architecture, marketing, customer contact, or outbound telemarketing.

3.31 Capability Architecture

A highly detailed description of the architectural approach to realize a particular solution or solution aspect.

3.32 Capability Increment

A discrete portion of a capability architecture that delivers specific value. When all increments have been completed, the capability has been realized.

3.33 Communications and Stakeholder Management

The management of needs of stakeholders of the Enterprise Architecture practice. It also manages the execution of communication between the practice and the stakeholders and the practice and the consumers of its services.

Note:

Architecture stakeholder management is described in 21. Stakeholder Management .

3.34 Concern

An interest in a system relevant to one or more of its stakeholders.

Note:

Concerns may pertain to any aspect of the system's functioning, development, or operation, including considerations such as performance, reliability, security, distribution, and evolvability and may determine the acceptability of the system.

See also 3.72 Stakeholder .

3.35 Course of Action

Direction and focus provided by strategic goals and objectives, often to deliver the value proposition characterized in the business model.

3.36 Data Architecture

A description of the structure and interaction of the enterprise's major types and sources of data, logical data assets, physical data assets, and data management resources.

Note:

Data Architecture is described in Part II, 9. Phase C: Information Systems Architectures - Data Architecture .

3.37 Deliverable

An architectural work product that is contractually specified and in turn formally reviewed, agreed, and signed off by the stakeholders.

Note:

Deliverables represent the output of projects and those deliverables that are in documentation form will typically be archived at completion of a project, or transitioned into an Architecture Repository as a reference model, standard, or snapshot of the Architecture Landscape at a point in time.

3.38 Enterprise

The highest level (typically) of description of an organization and typically covers all missions and functions. An enterprise will often span multiple organizations.

3.39 Enterprise Continuum

A categorization mechanism useful for classifying architecture and solution artifacts, both internal and external to the Architecture Repository, as they evolve from generic Foundation Architectures to Organization-Specific Architectures.

See also 3.9 Architecture Continuum and 3.71 Solutions Continuum .

3.40 Foundation Architecture

Generic building blocks, their inter-relationships with other building blocks, combined with the principles and guidelines that provide a foundation on which more specific architectures can be built.

3.41 Framework

A structure for content or process that can be used as a tool to structure thinking, ensuring consistency and completeness.

3.42 Gap

A statement of difference between two states. Used in the context of gap analysis, where the difference between the Baseline and Target Architecture is identified.

Note:

Gap analysis is described in Part III, 23. Gap Analysis .

3.43 Governance

The discipline of monitoring, managing, and steering a business (or IS/IT landscape) to deliver the business outcome required.

See also 3.13 Architecture Governance , 3.27 Business Governance , and A.40 Operational Governance in A. Glossary of Supplementary Definitions .

3.44 Information

Any communication or representation of facts, data, or opinions, in any medium or form, including textual, numerical, graphic, cartographic, narrative, or audio-visual forms.

3.45 Information System Service

1. A discrete behavior requestable from an application (e.g., log in, book train seat, transfer money).

   Note:

   It supports and enables business roles and processes by capturing or providing data or automating a process. It can be coarse-grained or fine-grained (cf. a use-case or user story). It can be found in and invoked via an interface.

2. The automated elements of a business service.

3.46 Information Technology (IT)

1. The lifecycle management of information and related technology used by an organization.
2. An umbrella term that includes all or some of the subject areas relating to the computer industry, such as Business Continuity, Business IT Interface, Business Process Modeling and Management, Communication, Compliance and Legislation, Computers, Content Management, Hardware, Information Management, Internet, Offshoring, Networking, Programming and Software, Professional Issues, Project Management, Security, Standards, Storage, Voice and Data Communications. Various countries and industries employ other umbrella terms to describe this same collection.
3. A term commonly assigned to a department within an organization tasked with provisioning some or all of the domains described in (2) above.
4. Alternate names commonly adopted include Information Services, Information Management, et al.

3.47 Interoperability

1. The ability to share information and services.
2. The ability of two or more systems or components to exchange and use information.
3. The ability of systems to provide and receive services from other systems and to use the services so interchanged to enable them to operate effectively together.

3.48 Logical

An implementation-independent definition of the architecture, often grouping related physical entities according to their purpose and structure.

Note:

For example, the products from multiple infrastructure software vendors can all be logically grouped as Java® application server platforms.

3.49 Metadata

Data about data, of any sort in any media, that describes the characteristics of an entity.

3.50 Metamodel

A model that describes how and with what the architecture will be described in a structured way.

3.51 Method

A defined, repeatable approach to address a particular type of problem.

3.52 Modeling

A technique through construction of models which enables a subject to be represented in a form that enables reasoning, insight, and clarity concerning the essence of the subject matter.

3.53 Model Kind

Conventions for a type of modeling.

Note:

An architecture viewpoint references one or more model kinds; an architecture view incorporates one or more models.

3.54 Objective

A time-bounded milestone for an organization used to demonstrate progress towards a goal; for example, "Increase capacity utilization by 30% by the end of 2019 to support the planned increase in market share".

3.55 Organization Map

An articulation of the relationships between the primary entities that make up the enterprise, its partners, and stakeholders.

3.56 Pattern

A technique for putting building blocks into context; for example, to describe a re-usable solution to a problem.

Note:

Building blocks are what you use: (architecture) patterns can tell you how you use them, when, why, and what trade-offs you have to make in doing so.

See also 3.23 Building Block .

3.57 Physical

A description of a real-world entity. Physical elements in an Enterprise Architecture may still be considerably abstracted from Solution Architecture, design, or implementation views.

3.58 Principle

See 3.16 Architecture Principle .

3.59 Reference Model (RM)

An abstract framework for understanding significant relationships among the entities of [an] environment, and for the development of consistent standards or specifications supporting that environment.

Note:

A reference model is based on a small number of unifying concepts and may be used as a basis for education and explaining standards to a non-specialist. A reference model is not directly tied to any standards, technologies, or other concrete implementation details, but it does seek to provide common semantics that can be used unambiguously across and between different implementations.

Source: OASIS®; refer to www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=soa-rm.

3.60 Repository

A system that manages all of the data of an enterprise, including data and process models and other enterprise information.

Note:

The data in a repository is much more extensive than that in a data dictionary, which generally defines only the data making up a database.

3.61 Requirement

A statement of need that must be met by a particular architecture or work package.

3.62 Roadmap

An abstracted plan for business or technology change, typically operating across multiple disciplines over multiple years. Normally used in the phrases Technology Roadmap, Architecture Roadmap, etc.

3.63 Role

1. The usual or expected function of an actor, or the part somebody or something plays in a particular action or event. An actor may have a number of roles.
2. The part an individual plays in an organization and the contribution they make through the application of their skills, knowledge, experience, and abilities.

See also 3.2 Actor .

3.64 Segment Architecture

A detailed, formal description of areas within an enterprise, used at the program or portfolio level to organize and align change activity.

See also 3.74 Strategic Architecture .

3.65 Service

1. A repeatable activity; a discrete behavior that a building block may be requested or otherwise triggered to perform.

   Note:

   Examples include check customer credit, provide weather data, and consolidate drilling reports. It serves a client or customer by delivering an output or changing system state. It can be defined in a logical service contract that defines input and output flows and/or state changes. It encapsulates any building block that processes the input and output flows. It may be one of several services in a service portfolio or Service-Level Agreement (SLA). It may be invoked via an interface. It can be coarse-grained (build a house) or fine-grained (retrieve an address).

2. An element of behavior that provides specific functionality in response to requests from actors or other services.

3.66 Service Orientation

Viewing an enterprise, system, or building block in terms of services provided and consumed.

See also 3.67 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) .

3.67 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

See also 3.6 Architectural Style and 3.66 Service Orientation .

3.68 Service Portfolio

A collection of services, potentially an interface definition.

Note:

It is used in the TOGAF framework to define the requirement for a building block or system.

3.69 Solution Architecture

A description of a discrete and focused business operation or activity and how IS/IT supports that operation.

Note:

A Solution Architecture typically applies to a single project or project release, assisting in the translation of requirements into a solution vision, high-level business and/or IT system specifications, and a portfolio of implementation tasks.

3.70 Solution Building Block (SBB)

A candidate solution which conforms to the specification of an Architecture Building Block (ABB).

3.71 Solutions Continuum

A part of the Enterprise Continuum. A repository of re-usable solutions for future implementation efforts. It contains implementations of the corresponding definitions in the Architecture Continuum.

See also 3.39 Enterprise Continuum and 3.9 Architecture Continuum .

3.72 Stakeholder

An individual, team, organization, or class thereof, having an interest in a system.

3.73 Standards Information Base (SIB)

A database of standards that can be used to define the particular services and other components of an Organization-Specific Architecture.

Note:

The Standards Information Base is described in Part V, 37.4 Standards Information Base .

3.74 Strategic Architecture

A summary formal description of the enterprise, providing an organizing framework for operational and change activity, and an executive-level, long-term view for direction setting.

3.75 Target Architecture

The description of a future state of the architecture being developed for an organization.

Note:

There may be several future states developed as a roadmap to show the evolution of the architecture to a target state.

3.76 Taxonomy of Architecture Views

The organized collection of all architecture views pertinent to an architecture.

3.77 Technology Architecture

A description of the structure and interaction of the technology services and technology components.

Note:

Technology Architecture is described in Part II, 11. Phase D: Technology Architecture .

3.78 Technology Component

1. A technology building block. A generic infrastructure technology that supports and enables application or data components (directly or indirectly) by providing technology services.
2. An encapsulation of technology infrastructure that represents a class of technology product or specific technology product.

3.79 Technology Service

A technical capability required to provide enabling infrastructure that supports the delivery of applications.

3.80 Transition Architecture

A formal description of one state of the architecture at an architecturally significant point in time.

Note:

One or more Transition Architectures may be used to describe the progression in time from the Baseline to the Target Architecture.

Transition Architecture is described in Part IV, 32.2.3 Architecture Definition Document .

3.81 Value Stream

A representation of an end-to-end collection of value-adding activities that create an overall result for a customer, stakeholder, or end user.

3.82 View

See 3.17 Architecture View .

3.83 Viewpoint

See 3.18 Architecture Viewpoint .

3.84 Viewpoint Library

A collection of the specifications of architecture viewpoints contained in the Reference Library portion of the Architecture Repository.

3.85 Work Package

A set of actions identified to achieve one or more objectives for the business. A work package can be a part of a project, a complete project, or a program.
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