NAME

rm — remove directory entries

SYNOPSIS

rm [-diRrv] file...

rm -f [-diRrv] [file...]


DESCRIPTION

The rm utility shall remove the directory entry specified by each file argument.

If either of the files dot or dot-dot are specified as the basename portion of an operand (that is, the final pathname component) or if an operand resolves to the root directory, rm shall write a diagnostic message to standard error and do nothing more with such operands.

For each file the following steps shall be taken:

1. If the file does not exist:

   1. If the -f option is not specified, rm shall write a diagnostic message to standard error.

   2. Go on to any remaining files.

2. If file is of type directory, the following steps shall be taken:

   1. If neither the -R option nor the -r option is specified, but -d is specified, rm shall proceed with step 3 for the current file. If none of -r, -R, or -d is specified, rm shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing more with file, and go on to any remaining files.

   2. If file is an empty directory, rm may skip to step 2d. If the -f option is not specified, and either the permissions of file do not permit writing and the standard input is a terminal or the -i option is specified, rm shall write a prompt to standard error and read a line from the standard input. If the response is not affirmative, rm shall do nothing more with the current file and go on to any remaining files.

   3. For each entry contained in file, other than dot or dot-dot, the four steps listed here (1 to 4) shall be taken with the entry as if it were a file operand. The rm utility shall not traverse directories by following symbolic links into other parts of the hierarchy, but shall remove the links themselves.

   4. If the -i option is specified, rm shall write a prompt to standard error and read a line from the standard input. If the response is not affirmative, rm shall do nothing more with the current file, and go on to any remaining files.

   5. rm shall proceed with step 4 for the current file.

3. If the -f option is not specified, and either the permissions of file do not permit writing and the standard input is a terminal or the -i option is specified, rm shall write a prompt to the standard error and read a line from the standard input. If the response is not affirmative, rm shall do nothing more with the current file and go on to any remaining files.

4. rm shall perform actions equivalent to the remove() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1-2024 called with a pathname of the current file used as the path argument.

   If rm successfully performed the above actions on the current file, and the -v option is specified, rm shall write a message containing the pathname of the current file to the standard output. If the actions fail for any reason, rm shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, do nothing more with the current file, and go on to any remaining files.

The rm utility shall be able to descend to arbitrary depths in a file hierarchy, and shall not fail due to path length limitations (unless an operand specified by the user exceeds system limitations).

OPTIONS

The rm utility shall conform to XBD 12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines .

The following options shall be supported:

-d

Remove empty directories. See the DESCRIPTION.

-f

Do not prompt for confirmation. Do not write diagnostic messages or modify the exit status in the case of no file operands, or in the case of operands that do not exist. Any previous occurrences of the -i option shall be ignored.

-i

Prompt for confirmation as described previously. Any previous occurrences of the -f option shall be ignored.

-R

Remove file hierarchies. See the DESCRIPTION.

-r

Equivalent to -R.

-v

After each file has been removed, write a message to standard output indicating that it has been removed.

OPERANDS

The following operand shall be supported:

file

A pathname of a directory entry to be removed.

STDIN

The standard input shall be used to read an input line in response to each prompt specified in the STDOUT section. Otherwise, the standard input shall not be used.

INPUT FILES

None.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

The following environment variables shall affect the execution of rm:

LANG

Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See XBD 8.2 Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)

LC_ALL

If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.

LC_COLLATE

Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes, and multi-character collating elements used in the extended regular expression defined for the yesexpr locale keyword in the LC_MESSAGES category.

LC_CTYPE

Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments) and the behavior of character classes within regular expressions used in the extended regular expression defined for the yesexpr locale keyword in the LC_MESSAGES category.

LC_MESSAGES

Determine the locale used to process affirmative responses, and the locale used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages and prompts written to standard error.

NLSPATH

^[XSI] Determine the location of messages objects and message catalogs.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS

Default.

STDOUT

If the -v option is specified, information about each removed file shall be written to standard output in an unspecified format.

STDERR

Prompts shall be written to standard error under the conditions specified in the DESCRIPTION and OPTIONS sections. The prompts shall contain the file pathname, but their format is otherwise unspecified. The standard error also shall be used for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES

None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION

None.

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values shall be returned:

 0

All requested directory entries (excluding directory entries where a non-affirmative response was given to a request for confirmation) were successfully deleted. In addition, if the -v option is specified, information about each removed directory entry was successfully written to standard output.

>0

An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS

Default.

APPLICATION USAGE

The rm utility is forbidden to remove the names dot and dot-dot in order to avoid the consequences of inadvertently doing something like:

rm -r .*

Some implementations do not permit the removal of the last hard link to an executable binary file that is being executed; see the [EBUSY] error in the unlink() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1-2024. Thus, the rm utility can fail to remove such files.

The -i option causes rm to prompt and read the standard input even if the standard input is not a terminal, but in the absence of -i the mode prompting is not done when the standard input is not a terminal.

EXAMPLES

1. The following command:

   rm a.out core
   

   removes the directory entries: a.out and core, or issues an error if either directory entry is itself a directory or does not exist.

2. The following command:

   rm -Rf junk
   

   removes the directory junk and all its contents, without prompting.

3. The following command:

   rm -d name
   

   behaves like

   rmdir name
   

   if name is a directory (including failing if name is not empty), as if by the rmdir() function; and behaves like

   rm name
   

   if name is not a directory, as if by the unlink() function.

RATIONALE

For absolute clarity, paragraphs (2b) and (3) in the DESCRIPTION of rm describing the behavior when prompting for confirmation, should be interpreted in the following manner:

if ((NOT f_option) AND
    ((not_writable AND input_is_terminal) OR i_option))

The exact format of the interactive prompts is unspecified. Only the general nature of the contents of prompts are specified because implementations may desire more descriptive prompts than those used on historical implementations. Therefore, an application not using the -f option, or using the -i option, relies on the system to provide the most suitable dialog directly with the user, based on the behavior specified.

The -r option is historical practice on all known systems. The synonym -R option is provided for consistency with the other utilities in this volume of POSIX.1-2024 that provide options requesting recursive descent through the file hierarchy.

The behavior of the -f option in historical versions of rm is inconsistent. In general, along with "forcing" the unlink without prompting for permission, it always causes diagnostic messages to be suppressed and the exit status to be unmodified for nonexistent operands and files that cannot be unlinked. In some versions, however, the -f option suppresses usage messages and system errors as well. Suppressing such messages is not a service to either shell scripts or users.

It is less clear that error messages regarding files that cannot be unlinked (removed) should be suppressed. Although this is historical practice, this volume of POSIX.1-2024 does not permit the -f option to suppress such messages.

When given the -r and -i options, historical versions of rm prompt the user twice for each directory, once before removing its contents and once before actually attempting to delete the directory entry that names it. This allows the user to "prune" the file hierarchy walk. Historical versions of rm were inconsistent in that some did not do the former prompt for directories named on the command line and others had obscure prompting behavior when the -i option was specified and the permissions of the file did not permit writing. The POSIX Shell and Utilities rm differs little from historic practice, but does require that prompts be consistent. Historical versions of rm were also inconsistent in that prompts were done to both standard output and standard error. This volume of POSIX.1-2024 requires that prompts be done to standard error, for consistency with cp and mv, and to allow historical extensions to rm that provide an option to list deleted files on standard output.

The rm utility is required to descend to arbitrary depths so that any file hierarchy may be deleted. This means, for example, that the rm utility cannot run out of file descriptors during its descent (that is, if the number of file descriptors is limited, rm cannot be implemented in the historical fashion where one file descriptor is used per directory level). Also, rm is not permitted to fail because of path length restrictions, unless an operand specified by the user is longer than {PATH_MAX}.

The rm utility removes symbolic links themselves, not the files they refer to, as a consequence of the dependence on the unlink() functionality, per the DESCRIPTION. When removing hierarchies with -r or -R, the prohibition on following symbolic links has to be made explicit.

The addition of the -d option allows the use of rm to delete either a file or an empty directory without the risk of recursion into a non-empty directory, and without the inherent race between determining a file's type and deciding what action to attempt on that file. If either the -r or -R option is specified, the use of recursion takes precedence.

The addition of the -v option allows a user of rm to see which files have been deleted.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

If this utility is directed to display a pathname that contains any bytes that have the encoded value of a <newline> character when <newline> is a terminator or separator in the output format being used, implementations are encouraged to treat this as an error. A future version of this standard may require implementations to treat this as an error.

SEE ALSO

rmdir

XBD 8. Environment Variables , 12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines

XSH remove , rmdir , unlink

CHANGE HISTORY

First released in Issue 2.

Issue 5

The FUTURE DIRECTIONS section is added.

Issue 6

Text is added to clarify actions relating to symbolic links as specified in the IEEE P1003.2b draft standard.

Issue 7

Austin Group Interpretations 1003.1-2001 #019 and #091 are applied.

Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #126 is applied, changing the description of the LC_MESSAGES environment variable.

POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 2, XCU/TC2-2008/0163 [542], XCU/TC2-2008/0164 [819], and XCU/TC2-2008/0165 [542] are applied.

Issue 8

Austin Group Defect 251 is applied, encouraging implementations to report an error if a utility is directed to display a pathname that contains any bytes that have the encoded value of a <newline> character when <newline> is a terminator or separator in the output format being used.

Austin Group Defect 802 is applied, adding the -d option.

Austin Group Defect 1122 is applied, changing the description of NLSPATH .

Austin Group Defects 1154, 1365, and 1487 are applied, adding the -v option.

Austin Group Defect 1380 is applied, changing "last link" to "last hard link".

Austin Group Defect 1732 is applied, changing the EXIT STATUS section.