NAME

test — evaluate expression

SYNOPSIS

test [expression]

[ [expression] ]


DESCRIPTION

The test utility shall evaluate the expression and indicate the result of the evaluation by its exit status. An exit status of zero indicates that the expression evaluated as true and an exit status of 1 indicates that the expression evaluated as false.

In the second form of the utility, where the utility name used is [ rather than test, the application shall ensure that the closing square bracket is a separate argument. The test and [ utilities may be implemented as a single linked utility which examines the basename of the zeroth command line argument to determine whether to behave as the test or [ variant. Applications using the exec family of functions to execute these utilities shall ensure that the argument passed in arg0 or argv[0] is '[' when executing the [ utility and has a basename of "test" when executing the test utility.

OPTIONS

The test utility shall not recognize the "--" argument in the manner specified by Guideline 10 in XBD 12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines . In addition, when the utility name used is [ the utility does not conform to Guidelines 1 and 2.

No options shall be supported.

OPERANDS

The application shall ensure that all operators and elements of primaries are presented as separate arguments to the test utility.

The following primaries can be used to construct expression:

-b pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a block special file. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that is not a block special file.

-c pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a character special file. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that is not a character special file.

-d pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a directory. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that is not a directory.

-e pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry. False if pathname cannot be resolved.

pathname1 -ef pathname2

True if pathname1 and pathname2 resolve to existing directory entries for the same file; otherwise, false.

-f pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a regular file. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that is not a regular file.

-g pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that has its set-group-ID flag set. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that does not have its set-group-ID flag set.

-h pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a symbolic link. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that is not a symbolic link. If the final component of pathname is a symbolic link, that symbolic link is not followed.

-L pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a symbolic link. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that is not a symbolic link. If the final component of pathname is a symbolic link, that symbolic link is not followed.

-n string

True if the length of string is non-zero; otherwise, false.

pathname1 -nt pathname2

True if pathname1 resolves to an existing file and pathname2 cannot be resolved, or if both resolve to existing files and pathname1 is newer than pathname2 according to their last data modification timestamps; otherwise, false.

pathname1 -ot pathname2

True if pathname2 resolves to an existing file and pathname1 cannot be resolved, or if both resolve to existing files and pathname1 is older than pathname2 according to their last data modification timestamps; otherwise, false.

-p pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a FIFO. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that is not a FIFO.

-r pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which permission to read from the file is granted, as defined in 1.1.1.4 File Read, Write, and Creation . False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which permission to read from the file is not granted.

-S pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a socket. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that is not a socket.

-s pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that has a size greater than zero. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that does not have a size greater than zero.

-t file_descriptor

True if file descriptor number file_descriptor is open and is associated with a terminal. False if file_descriptor is not a valid file descriptor number, or if file descriptor number file_descriptor is not open, or if it is open but is not associated with a terminal.

-u pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that has its set-user-ID flag set. False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file that does not have its set-user-ID flag set.

-w pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which permission to write to the file is granted, as defined in 1.1.1.4 File Read, Write, and Creation . False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which permission to write to the file is not granted.

-x pathname

True if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which permission to execute the file (or search it, if it is a directory) is granted, as defined in 1.1.1.4 File Read, Write, and Creation . False if pathname cannot be resolved, or if pathname resolves to an existing directory entry for a file for which permission to execute (or search) the file is not granted.

-z string

True if the length of string string is zero; otherwise, false.

string

True if the string string is not the null string; otherwise, false.

s1 = s2

True if the strings s1 and s2 are identical; otherwise, false.

s1 != s2

True if the strings s1 and s2 are not identical; otherwise, false.

s1 > s2

True if s1 collates after s2 in the current locale; otherwise, false.

s1 < s2

True if s1 collates before s2 in the current locale; otherwise, false.

n1 -eq n2

True if the integers n1 and n2 are algebraically equal; otherwise, false.

n1 -ne n2

True if the integers n1 and n2 are not algebraically equal; otherwise, false.

n1 -gt n2

True if the integer n1 is algebraically greater than the integer n2; otherwise, false.

n1 -ge n2

True if the integer n1 is algebraically greater than or equal to the integer n2; otherwise, false.

n1 -lt n2

True if the integer n1 is algebraically less than the integer n2; otherwise, false.

n1 -le n2

True if the integer n1 is algebraically less than or equal to the integer n2; otherwise, false.

With the exception of the -h pathname and -L pathname primaries, if a pathname, pathname1, or pathname2 argument is a symbolic link, test shall evaluate the expression by resolving the symbolic link and using the file referenced by the link.

These primaries can be combined with the following operator:

! expression

True if expression is false. False if expression is true.

The primaries with two elements of the form:

-primary_operator primary_operand

are known as unary primaries. The primaries with three elements in either of the two forms:

primary_operand -primary_operator primary_operand


primary_operand primary_operator primary_operand

are known as binary primaries. Additional implementation-defined operators and primary_operators may be provided by implementations. They shall be of the form -operator where the first character of operator is not a digit.

The algorithm for determining the precedence of the operators and the return value that shall be generated is based on the number of arguments presented to test. (However, when using the "[...]" form, the <right-square-bracket> final argument shall not be counted in this algorithm.)

In the following list, $1, $2, $3, and $4 represent the arguments presented to test:

0 arguments:

Exit false (1).

1 argument:

Exit true (0) if $1 is not null; otherwise, exit false.

2 arguments:

• If $1 is '!', exit true if $2 is null, false if $2 is not null.

• If $1 is a unary primary, exit true if the unary test is true, false if the unary test is false.

• Otherwise, produce unspecified results.

3 arguments:

• If $2 is a binary primary, perform the binary test of $1 and $3.

• If $1 is '!', negate the two-argument test of $2 and $3.

• Otherwise, produce unspecified results.

4 arguments:

• If $1 is '!', negate the three-argument test of $2, $3, and $4.

• Otherwise, the results are unspecified.

>4 arguments:

The results are unspecified.

STDIN

Not used.

INPUT FILES

None.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

The following environment variables shall affect the execution of test:

LANG

Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See XBD 8.2 Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)

LC_ALL

If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.

LC_COLLATE

Determine the locale for the behavior of the > and < string comparison operators.

LC_CTYPE

Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).

LC_MESSAGES

Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.

NLSPATH

^[XSI] Determine the location of messages objects and message catalogs.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS

Default.

STDOUT

Not used.

STDERR

The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES

None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION

None.

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values shall be returned:

 0

expression evaluated to true.

 1

expression evaluated to false or expression was missing.

>1

An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS

Default.

APPLICATION USAGE

Since '>' and '<' are operators in the shell language, applications need to quote them when passing them as arguments to test from a shell.

The -a and -o binary primaries and the '(' and ')' operators have been removed. (Many expressions using them were ambiguously defined by the grammar depending on the specific expressions being evaluated.) Scripts using these expressions should be converted to the forms given below. Even though many implementations will continue to support these forms, scripts should be extremely careful when dealing with user-supplied input that could be confused with these and other primaries and operators. Unless the application developer knows all the cases that produce input to the script, invocations like:

test "$1" -a "$2"

should be written as:

test "$1" && test "$2"

to avoid problems if a user supplied values such as $1 set to '!' and $2 set to the null string. That is, replace:

test expr1 -a expr2

with:

test expr1 && test expr2

and replace:

test expr1 -o expr2

with:

test expr1 || test expr2

but note that, in test, -a was specified as having higher precedence than -o while "&&" and "||" have equal precedence in the shell.

Parentheses or braces can be used in the shell command language to effect grouping.

The two commands:

test "$1"
test ! "$1"

could not be used reliably on some historical systems. Unexpected results would occur if such a string expression were used and $1 expanded to '!', '(', or a known unary primary. Better constructs are:

test -n "$1"
test -z "$1"

respectively.

Historical systems have also been unreliable given the common construct:

test "$response" = "expected string"

One of the following is a more reliable form:

test "X$response" = "Xexpected string"
test "expected string" = "$response"

Note that the second form assumes that expected string could not be confused with any unary primary. If expected string starts with '-', '(', '!', or even '=', the first form should be used instead. Using the preceding rules, any of the three comparison forms is reliable, given any input. (However, note that the strings are quoted in all cases.)

Historically, the string comparison binary primaries, '=' and "!=", had a higher precedence than any unary primary in the greater than 4 argument case, and consequently unexpected results could occur if arguments were not properly prepared. For example, in:

test -d "$1" -o -d "$2"

If $1 evaluates to a possible directory name of '=', the first three arguments are considered a string comparison, which causes a syntax error when the second -d is encountered. The following form prevents this:

test -d "$1" || test -d "$2"

Also in the greater than 4 argument case:

test "$1" = "bat" -a "$2" = "ball"

syntax errors would occur if $1 evaluates to '(' or '!'. One of the following forms prevents this; the second is preferred:

test "$1" = "bat" && test "$2" = "ball"
test "X$1" = "Xbat" && test "X$2" = "Xball"

Note that none of the following examples are permitted by the syntax described:

[-f file]
[-f file ]
[ -f file]
[ -f file
test -f file ]

In the first two cases, if a utility named [-f exists, that utility would be invoked, and not test. In the remaining cases, the brackets are mismatched, and the behavior is unspecified. However:

test ! ]

does have a defined meaning, and must exit with status 1. Similarly:

test ]

must exit with status 0.

EXAMPLES

1. Exit if there are not two or three arguments (two variations):

   if [ $# -ne 2 ] && [ $# -ne 3 ]; then exit 1; fi
   if [ $# -lt 2 ] || [ $# -gt 3 ]; then exit 1; fi
   

2. Perform a mkdir if a directory does not exist:

   test ! -d tempdir && mkdir tempdir
   

3. Wait for a file to become non-readable:

   while test -r thefile
   do
       sleep 30
   done
   echo '"thefile" is no longer readable'
   

4. Perform a command if the argument is one of three strings (two variations):

   if [ "$1" = "pear" ] || [ "$1" = "grape" ] || [ "$1" = "apple" ]
   then
       command
   fi
   
   
   case "$1" in
       pear|grape|apple) command ;;
   esac
   

RATIONALE

The KornShell-derived conditional command (double bracket [[]]) was removed from the shell command language description in an early proposal. Objections were raised that the real problem is misuse of the test command ([), and putting it into the shell is the wrong way to fix the problem. Instead, proper documentation and a new shell reserved word (!) are sufficient. A later proposal to add [[]] in Issue 8 was also rejected because existing implementations of it were found to be error-prone in a similar way to historical versions of test, and there was also too much variation in behavior between shells that support it.

Tests that require multiple test operations can be done at the shell level using individual invocations of the test command and shell logicals, rather than using the error-prone historical -a and -o operators of test.

The BSD and System V versions of -f were not the same. The BSD definition was:

-f file

True if file exists and is not a directory.

The SVID version (true if the file exists and is a regular file) was chosen for this volume of POSIX.1-2024 because its use is consistent with the -b, -c, -d, and -p operands (file exists and is a specific file type).

The -e primary, possessing similar functionality to that provided by the C shell, was added because it provides the only way for a shell script to find out if a file exists without trying to open the file. Since implementations are allowed to add additional file types, a portable script cannot use:

test -b foo || test -c foo || test -d foo || test -f foo || test -p foo

to find out if foo is an existing file. On historical BSD systems, the existence of a file could be determined by:

test -f foo || test -d foo

but there was no easy way to determine that an existing file was a regular file. An early proposal used the KornShell -a primary (with the same meaning), but this was changed to -e because there were concerns about the high probability of humans confusing the -a primary with the historical -a binary operator.

The following options were not included in this volume of POSIX.1-2024, although they are provided by some implementations. These operands should not be used by new implementations for other purposes:

-k file

True if file exists and its sticky bit is set.

-C file

True if file is a contiguous file.

-V file

True if file is a version file.

The following option was not included because it was undocumented in most implementations, has been removed from some implementations (including System V), and the functionality is provided by the shell (see 2.6.2 Parameter Expansion .

-l string

The length of the string string.

The -b, -c, -g, -p, -u, and -x operands are derived from the SVID; historical BSD does not provide them. The -k operand is derived from System V; historical BSD does not provide it.

On historical BSD systems, test -w directory always returned false because test tried to open the directory for writing, which always fails.

Some additional primaries newly invented or from the KornShell appeared in an early proposal as part of the conditional command ([[]]): s1 > s2, s1 < s2, f1 -nt f2, f1 -ot f2, and f1 -ef f2. They were not carried forward into the test utility when the conditional command was removed from the shell because they had not been included in the test utility built into historical implementations of the sh utility. However, they were later added to this standard once support for them became widespread.

The -t file_descriptor primary is shown with a mandatory argument because the grammar is ambiguous if it can be omitted. Historical implementations have allowed it to be omitted, providing a default of 1.

It is noted that '[' is not part of the portable filename character set; however, since it is required to be encoded by a single byte, and is part of the portable character set, the name of this utility forms a character string across all supported locales.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

None.

SEE ALSO

1.1.1.4 File Read, Write, and Creation , find

XBD 8. Environment Variables , 12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines

CHANGE HISTORY

First released in Issue 2.

Issue 5

The FUTURE DIRECTIONS section is added.

Issue 6

The -h operand is added for symbolic links, and access permission requirements are clarified for the -r, -w, and -x operands to align with the IEEE P1003.2b draft standard.

The normative text is reworded to avoid use of the term "must" for application requirements.

The -L and -S operands are added for symbolic links and sockets.

IEEE Std 1003.1-2001/Cor 1-2002, item XCU/TC1/D6/38 is applied, adding XSI margin marking and shading to a line in the OPERANDS section referring to the use of parentheses as arguments to the test utility.

IEEE Std 1003.1-2001/Cor 2-2004, item XCU/TC2/D6/30 is applied, rewording the existence primaries for the test utility.

Issue 7

Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #107 is applied.

POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 1, XCU/TC1-2008/0143 [291] is applied.

POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 2, XCU/TC2-2008/0191 [898], XCU/TC2-2008/0192 [730], and XCU/TC2-2008/0193 [898] are applied.

Issue 8

Austin Group Defect 375 is applied, adding the pathname1 -ef pathname2, pathname1 -nt pathname2, pathname1 -ot pathname2, s1 > s2, and s1 < s2 primaries.

Austin Group Defect 1122 is applied, changing the description of NLSPATH .

Austin Group Defect 1330 is applied, removing the obsolescent (and optional) -a and -o binary primaries, and '(' and ')' operators.

Austin Group Defect 1348 is applied, removing "()" from "the exec() family of functions".

Austin Group Defect 1373 is applied, clarifying that when the utility name used is [ the utility does not conform to Guidelines 1 and 2.